Similar patterns have emerged when comparing individuals with and without suicidal ideation such that suicidal ideation (without attempts) has been associated with elevations on scales F, 1, 4 (Psychopathic Deviate), 5, 8 (Schizophrenia), and 9 (Hypomania) ( Waters, Sandbuehler, Kineel, Boodoosingh, & Marchenko, 1982). Other studies have reported that individuals who have attempted suicide differ significantly from control groups on nearly all MMPI scales ( Daigle, 2004 Pallis & Birtchnell, 1976), including higher scores on F (Infrequency) and lower scores on K compared to control groups ( Tarter, Templer, & Perley, 1975). For example, in samples comparing individuals who died by suicide to those who did not, higher scores have been observed on Scale 1 (Hypochondriasis Leonard, 1977), Scale 2 (Depression Leonard, 1977), Scale 5 (Masculinity/Femininity Leonard, 1977 Simon & Gilberstadt, 1958 Watson, Klett, Walters, & Vassar 1984), Scale 6 (Paranoia Watson, Klett, Walters, & Laughlin, 1983), and Scale 0 (Social Introversion Leonard, 1977), and lower scores have been observed on the K scale (Defensiveness Leonard, 1977). However, these studies have been inconsistent in terms of which scales have discriminated among suicidal vs. However, most of the studies during this time period concluded that the MMPI was unable to differentiate between individuals who attempted or died by suicide and individuals with suicidal ideation alone or between individuals with or without suicidal ideation ( Clopton & Baucom, 1979 Clopton & Jones, 1975 Clopton, Post, & Larde, 1983 Daigle, 2004 Kinsinger, 1973 Pallis & Birtchnell, 1977 Ravensborg & Floss, 1969 Sendbuehler, Kincel, Nemeth, & Oertel, 1979).Īlthough most previous studies have been unable to differentiate individuals with and without suicidality (suicidal ideation and behavior), some studies have found significant differences in MMPI profiles in these groups. The family of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) assessments, which include the original MMPI, the MMPI-2, and the MMPI-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF), has been reported to be one of the most frequently used instruments in suicide risk assessment research ( Johnson, Lall, Bongar, & Nordlund, 1999), with a surge of research examining suicidality and MMPI profiles from the late 1960's to the early 1980's ( Johnson et al., 1999). Thus, identification of individuals at risk for suicide through thorough suicide risk assessments is an essential aspect of mental health care. It is well established that severe or persistent suicidal ideation increases the risk for future suicide attempts and death by suicide (e.g., Brown, Beck, Steer, & Grisham, 2000 Lewinsohn, Rohde, Seeley, 1994) and research has shown that many individuals who attempt suicide have received some type of medical or mental health care in the months prior to attempting ( Luoma, Martin, & Pearson, 2002). Suicide is a major public health concern with over 100 individuals dying by suicide per day in the United States alone ( McIntosh & Drapeau, 2012). Overall, findings suggest that the MMPI-2-RF SUI scale may be a useful tool for identifying individuals at risk for suicidal ideation and behavior in clinical settings. Finally, relative risk ratios for suicide attempts indicate increased risk of suicidality with higher T-scores on the SUI scale. The SUI scale was able to predict previous suicide attempts over and above age, gender, and other MMPI-2-RF scales related to depression.
Significant differences in SUI scale scores also emerged among the clinician rating categories of suicide risk. Analyses indicated that the SUI scale was positively associated with other self-reported measures of suicidal ideation and behavior.
Participants were 998 therapy- and assessment-seeking outpatients. The purpose of the current study was to examine associations between the SUI scale and other established measures of suicidal ideation and behavior, including the Depressive Symptom Inventory Suicidality Subscale (DSI-SS), Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSS), self-report of lifetime suicide attempts, and clinician ratings of suicide risk.
Although this scale has clear face validity, few studies have examined the clinical utility of this scale. The MMPI-2-RF has a Suicidal/Death Ideation (SUI) scale consisting of 5 items that describe recent suicidal ideation or behaviors. Therefore, suicide risk assessment is an essential aspect of mental health care. Suicide is a major public health concern with over 100 individuals dying by suicide per day in the United States alone.
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